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The History of the Umayyad Caliphate

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The end of the Rashid caliphate

After the death of Ali ibn Abi Talib, his son Al-Hasan ibn Ali was his successor, and the caliph Al-Hasan began to organize the administrative conditions of the country

The people of Iraq urged the Caliph Al-Hasan to fight, but Al-Hasan had doubts in the people of Iraq. So, he did not call for a fight, but he rather took a position to go with some tribes to the cities.

Al-Hasan asked for Obaidullah bin Abbas and ordered him to fight Muawiyah Bin Abu Sufyan in the Levant (Bilad El-Cham).

Muawiyah was able to buy the loyalty of some leaders and began to negotiate with Al-Hasan about stepping aside from being a caliphate in case he was dead.

Muawiya agreed to the conditions of Hassan and began the History of the Umayyad state.

History of the Umayyad state

When talking about the history of the Umayyad state it has to be mentioned that it is the largest state and the second caliphate in Islam

It is also considered one of the largest ruling states in history. The rule of Bani Umayya began from year 41 AH, until 132 Ah,

The Umayyad state was founded by Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan. Muawiya was the ruler of al-Sham since the days of Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab

The dispute between Ali ibn Abi Talib and Muawiya began after the sedition in which Osman Ibn Afan was killed, till Al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib abandoned the caliphate to Muawiya after the death of his father Ali.

Revolutions in the Umayyad state

The history of the Umayyad state has witnessed many revolutions. including the revolutions of the Shiites and the rebels that took revenge for the death of Hussein bin Ali in the Battle of Karbala by the Umayyads

Hajjaj ibn Yusuf Al-Thaqafi had a great role in extinguishing these revolutions as the ruler of Iraq and Kufa the most enemies of the Umayyad state

The Umayyad successors of the Sufyan branch

When talking about the history of the Umayyad state it is necessary to know the caliphs who were the founding of the Umayyad state

They are the successors of the Sufyan branch, namely caliph Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan, and his son Yazid ibn Muawiya:

Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan

In narrating the history of the Umayyad state it is necessary to talk about its founder, which is Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan is the first successor of the Sufyan branch of the Umayyad state

He ruled from the year 41 AH until the year 60 AH. The Umayyad state under MU’awiya has lived twenty years of peace and internal prosperity, conquests and victories abroad،

Yazid ibn Muawiya

Yazid took the caliphate after his father and continued his rule from the year 60 ah until the year 63 ah.

Many revolutions have sparked against him, including the revolution of Hussein bin Ali, who was killed along with some of his family by the Umayyads.

Umayyad successors who descend from Caliph Marwan bin al-Hakam

When talking about the Umayyad state we should talk about the successors of the second branch, which is the Branch that descends from Caliph Marwan bin al-Hakam.

He ruled from 64 ah until 65 ah. Marwan died 10 months after being the caliphate. Then his son became his successor.

Abdulmalik bin Marwan

Abdulmalik bin Marwan ruled in 65 ah after the death of his father, until the year 86 Ah.

He was able to put down many revolutions, including the tuabin movement, the Mukhtar revolution, the movement of Musab bin Al-Zubair, and Abdullah bin Al-Zubair.

After achieving stability in his lands, he began to prepare campaigns to fight against the Roman.

Abdul Malik ibn Marwan died at the age of 60 in Damascus to be succeeded by his son Al-Walid.

Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik

Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik ruled a strong state free of internal revolts.

He ruled until 96 Ah, he began the external conquests until his armies reached huge places in the 4 directions.

Speaking of internal affairs in the state, he also made lots of achievements, especially in architecture, caring for the parish, and charity for the poor.

Suleiman ibn Abd al-Malik

He ruled in 96 ah and continued his rule until 99 ah. Suleiman sent lots of campaigns for his war against the Roman his armies entered the waters of the Bosphorus, even his army settled in front of the walls of Constantinople

Omar bin Abdul Aziz

The rule of Omar bin Abdul Aziz continued from the year 99 ah, until the year 101 Ah. His succession was described as the era of  stability and justice

Omar replaced most of the rulers with more competent and perfect rulers who followed Islamic law. He called for equality and gave the poor and the sick

Yazid bin Abd al-Malik

Yazid II received the rule in 101 ah and continued until 105 ah. He was familiar with recklessness, laziness, and his love for women.

In his reign the rebels revolted against him, Conquests stopped

Hisham bin Abdulmalik

Hisham bin Abd al-Malik received the caliphate in 105 ah and continued until 125 Ah.

Abd al-Malik was far-sighted and bold. He established balance and justice in his state, tried to eliminate corruption, monitored the state’s general budget, and established public services.

Hisham was able to stop the revolution of Zayd ibn Ali in Iraq. He resumed conquests against the Romans and against the Turk.

Al-Walid II bin Yazid II

Al-Walid received the rule for one year only، From the year 125 ah until the year 126 ah.

He lived a lavish life and spent all the state budget until he was killed

Yazid III and Ibrahim ibn al-Walid

He began to reform the affairs of the state. Imposed a policy of austerity on his family and on himself and promised to return the warriors back to their families who haven’t seen them in a long time.  

He also promised not to shut his door in front of his parish. He died in the same year he became the caliphate, followed by Ibrahim ibn al-Walid but was killed by the last Umayyad caliph Marwan ibn Muhammad.

Marwan Ibn Muhammad

He continued his rule from 127 ah until 132 ah, and was a strong and intelligent warrior. He moved the headquarters of the caliphate to Haran.

Many revolutions revolted against him in most of the country, especially in Khorasan.

The Umayyad state ended when Marwan lose in the Battle of the Zab.

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Jewish Nazism is reality not fiction

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Jewish Nazism

I realize that the title of this article might offend and provoke many people, especially those adhering to the Judaic faith. I do know that Jews, like everyone else, are not carbon copies of each other. There are many conscientious Jews who believe in fairness and basic human equality regardless of color, race and faith, and strongly reject racism and chauvinism in any form. Also, I will no longer be using euphemistic language in reference to Jewish Nazism especially in light of the latest Dresden-like bombing of Gaza by the Judeo-Nazi state also known as Israel.

Read Also: No forgiveness for Jewish Nazism

These people I salute for their rectitude, humanity and morality. They are our natural partners for peace and a better tomorrow for our children and their children.

But there are numerous other Jews who don’t believe in human equality and justice for all. Indeed, there are many Jews, e.g. followers of the hateful Chabad sect, who don’t even ascribe full humanity to people who are not members of the Jewish faith.

Needless to say, the venomous ideology adopted by these racist fanatics has much in common with Aryan Nazism.

Read Also: The futility of counting on the U.S. to pressure Israel

What else can be said to describe an ideology that teaches adherents that the life of a non-Jew has no sanctity and that goyem can be murdered without the slightest compunction or feeling of guilt?

The shocking reactions by the Israeli government, rabbis, and community leaders to the latest abduction, murder and subsequent burning of a Palestinian kids in Gaza are very telling.

In a certain sense, these reactions and attitudes can be compared to the reactions and attitudes of many Germans to the pogroms carried out against Jews by the Nazis prior to and during the Second World War.

The gleefully despicable embrace of the brashly hideous crime by the bulk of the Israeli Jewish society underscores the fact that millions of Jews in Israel and abroad do harbor certain Nazi tendencies, especially against the Palestinian people. These tendencies are too real and too tangible to be overstated.

However, we must call the spade a spade, even at the expense of upsetting the huge Zionist propaganda machine which habitually alters the black into white and the blatant big lie into a “truth” glorified by sheepish westerners who have long been brainwashed into believing that Israel is a modern, civilized and democratic state.

In the final analysis, when Jews (or anyone else) think, behave and act like the Nazis thought, behaved and acted, they simply become Nazis. Pure and simple.

Today, there are numerous Jews who openly call for the physical annihilation of Palestinians as retaliation for the abduction and killing of three Jewish settlers in the West Bank.

Saber-rattling rabbis speak menacingly of the need to adopt “the Biblical way” to combat the Palestinians.

For those not versed in Jewish phraseology, “Biblical way” is euphemism for genocide.

Today, the Israeli media reported that some army personnel openly appealed to the government to “give us the green light to annihilate them.”!!!

Just read what thousands of Jewish youths have been writing on their Facebook pages! It is outrageous, disgusting and sheer evil.

To put it in a nutshell, Nazism is being regurgitated and exuded all over Israel. This is happening in broad daylight while professional liars like Binyamin Netanyahu are filling the ether with all sorts of shameless lies about Israel being victimized by the Palestinians.

Seventy-six years have passed since Kristalnacht. Today Jewish settlers in the west Bank, in close cooperation and coordination, with the Israeli army could very well carry out a huge pogrom against an innocent and helpless community which really finds itself very much in the same precarious and vulnerable position that European Jewry experienced prior to WWII.

I am not a prophet of doom and gloom, but the signs are unmistakably bleak.

A final point, the Palestinian people in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip are surviving thanks to the good-will of the international public opinion. Should the international community go into a brief slumber, God forbid, Israel and its own Wehrmacht, SS, Gestapo and Hitler Youth might embark on the unthinkable. Don’t you ever say Jews can’t carry out a holocaust against their victims, the Palestinians?

Words can kill; words do kill.

Unfortunately, the chilling words we are hearing from many Israeli Jews these days leave no room for optimism.

Khalid Amayreh is a Palestinian journalist and political commentator , we lost him on account of natural reasons on 12th of July last year in the Occupied Palestine

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I’m most definitely Palestinian!

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Palestinian

In-your-face brutality, unending genocide, unending atrocities, mass slaughter directed against one’s people, one’s brethren, causes the most strong and unimaginable reaction, in response to the oppressor’s horrendous and barbaric deeds. The autocratic, despotic, tyrannical Israeli-hand systematically and with pre-planned engineered precision, massacres, annihilates, eliminates the young and the old Palestinian alike – in the most inhumane and most despicable of ways. Slaughters men, women and children in broad daylight. Bares its blood-thirsty intentions, its monstrous objectives in the most unashamed of ways. Mercy to none – not to the living, not to the severely wounded and dying; no mercy even on the dead or their lifeless remains.

The constant fear of being bombed anytime, rained down with missiles and all manner of munitions from within the vast arsenal of the Israeli side; definitely stockpiled high, with enough buffer inventory of munitions, deadly and lethal stockpile, to blow the receiving side multiple times over; so as not to leave a “shred” of evidence of your original physical-self on the surface of the land, which your people, generations and generations of your ancestors, since time immemorial have dwelt on.

Read Also: The age-old Palestinian-fear (of the Israeli thirst)

The inexplicable terror of seeing Israeli drones constantly “floating about” unopposed, in the skies above your unsheltered head. Drones with eyes like that of a greedy dog. Electronic pixels wanting to cast an evil eye, an evil-spell upon your very being. Eyeing upon your existence, wanting to blow-up, tear-up your physical being, seemingly wanting to devour your flesh and body; all by way of a few computer clicks / even the manual computer-clicks now, seemingly, are being replaced by more automated ways of executing these most evil deeds. Software, coded software, written programs to execute on the most Evil-intentions. Evil-intentions of the most evil amongst the human race.

Everybody knows, the Israelis have exterminated with their weaponry, uncountable numbers of Palestinians across a 40, 50km stretch of land, in front of the whole world, over the past so many weeks and months. And retain the capacity, the ability, the power, the means to slaughter, devour many, many more innocent ones, day in, day out.

The Israelis possess American technology, American weapons – the bedrock of their faith, the foundation stone of their belief in their never-ending invincibility. The Palestinians have their faith in Allah; that Allah will redeem his faithful people, from the clutches of these war-mongers, who rain down terror, day and night on the most innocent, the most vulnerable.

Most definitely, the Moslem spirit in me, the Palestinian spirit in me is not defeated; quite to the contrary, it’s rekindled, stronger than ever.

I’m definitely Palestinian, in every sense of the word, and Allah will save us, Allah will have mercy on us, Allah will guide us.

(Note: Azhaar Amayreh is a marketer stuck in war-ravaged Rafah with her child.)The following article is part of a campaign to raise money to help MZEMO contributor Azhaar Amayreh and her family leave Gaza. Please give what you can.

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The futility of counting on the U.S. to pressure Israel

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It is really ludicrous to see how dishonest the U.S “mediators” constantly demand that the Palestinians display more “good will” toward Israel at a time when Israel continues to perpetrate a real Holocaust against the hapless and helpless Palestinaians and steal Palestinian land in broad daylight.

It seems amply clear that the current Palestinian leadership, i.e. the Palestinian Authority (PA)  led by Chairman Mahmoud Abbas, neither learns from its own blunders nor from other people’s blunders. This is really a gigantic disaster befalling the Palestinian people and their enduring just cause.

How else can one relate to the unrelenting illogical insistence of the the whole world on accepting the U.S., Israel’s guardian-ally, as “mediator and honest broker” between us and our murderous tormentors and grave-diggers, Israel?

Read Also: The US and IsraelThe dog versus the wagging tail.

Indeed, one doesn’t have to be an expert on American foreign policy in the Middle East to know that the U.S represents the problem, not the solution, given its long-standing embrace of Israeli fascism and expansion.  After all, it is the US that not only enabled Israel to actively pursue its lebensraum policy at the expense of its neighbors but consistently shield it from any accountability or international condemnation.

Today, the U.S. administration is criticizing Palestinian “unilateralism” in reference to desperate PA efforts to get the UN Security Council to recognize Palestinian statehood and agree on a deadline for ending Israel’s Nazi-like occupation.

Well, we all know that the U.S. is being pornographically hypocritical when it accuses the virtually vanquished Palestinians of acting unilaterally as if its spoilt nefarious daughter, Israel, were ever acting in full conformity with international law.

Well, Mr. Abbas and Mr. Ereikat: Don’t be too gullible, too sheepish. Ask your American interlocutors, e.g. Mr. John Kerry, the following questions:

Since when did Israel ever behave bilaterally rather than unilaterally?

Was the usurpation of Palestine and expulsion of its indigenous people at the hands of Jewish terrorist gangs hailing from Eastern Europe, a bilateral or unilateral act?

Was the annexation by Israel of East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights a bilateral or a unilateral act?

Was the building of hundreds of Jewish settlements in the West Bank and East Jerusalem as well as the transfer of 600,000 Jewish settlers to live on a land that belongs not to them a bilateral or unilateral act?

Was the wanton demolition of some 30,000 Palestinian homes by Israel a bilateral or a unilateral act?

Was the annexation of the bulk of the West Bank and East Jerusalem a bilateral or a unilateral act?

And what about this ugly structure, called Separation wall, which resulted in the theft of thousands of acres of private Palestinian land? Was it a bilateral or a unilateral act?

I could go on and on and on listing America’s hypocritical and duplicitous stands on Palestinian grievances and Israeli crimes. Indeed, the U.S dishonest stand on the Palestinian plight has only been consistent in its moral depravity. Indeed, hypocrisy in its most brazen form has always been and continues to be the modus operandi of American policy toward the Palestinian issue. I know it is politically incorrect to speak in this tone. However, truth must not be another victim of the dark evil embrace between the U.S. and Israel.

But morality is not and has never been part of American politics or policies, especially foreign policy. This is why the world looks so ugly, so gloomy and so unjust.

The U.S. is insisting that only a “negotiated” settlement to the Palestinian issue would be acceptable to the U.S.

Read Also: The Palestinian Authority: confused, frustrated and corrupt

In other words, Israel must always have the final say as to any possible peace deal with the Palestinians.

But since Israel would never ever end its occupation or dismantle the settlements, let alone allow for the repatriation of the refugees, it means there can be no negotiated settlement unless the Palestinians agree to surrender to Jewish Nazism. But that will never happen as Muslims, including the Palestinian people, would never allow the Ramallah leadership or any other leadership to commit adultery with the honorable Palestinian cause.

Let’s be honest. The purportedly honest American broker or mediator is neither honest nor a broker or mediator. The proverbial American judge is simply telling the insolent rapist (Israel) and the vanquished rape victim (the Palestinians) to sort it out amongst yourselves. Do we have to be the smartest humans on earth to understand the implications of this brutal ugliness?

It is tantamount to a total American embrace of Israeli fascism. It means that the American stance is actually Israel’s stance. It also means that that the U.S. would never accept or condone any settlement that Israel doesn’t accept.

That is why the Palestinians need to have a moment of truth with themselves.
And the message they need to internalize is that they would have to wait ages if they continued to put their trust in the U.S. to pressure Israel to walk in the path of peace.

Let us face it. Israel will never walk in the path of peace unless it is pressured and bullied to do so. However, Israel would never ever walk in the path of peace as long as it continues to receive nuclear submarines from Germany and the most advanced fighter jets from the U.S.

In a nut shell, America can’t and won’t exert any meaningful pressure on Israel to end its N-a-z-i-like occupation. We all know that Israel controls the American government or at least controls those who control the American government. Israel is intoxicated by its arrogance of power and Talmudic insolence. And the U.S., Israel’s guardian-ally, is not in a position to be an honest mediator and to impose a deal on Israel or even convince her to allow for one that would give the Palestinian a semblance of justice.

What should be done?

We must go ahead with our efforts at the U.N. Security Council, irrespective of American threats to veto any resolution favorable to the Palestinian cause. At least casting the veto would embarrass America itself and its treacherous Arab allies (they are not actually allies but cheap slaves and puppets as we all know).

We Palestinians must be confident of our inevitable triumph over Zionism and its evils. Yes, it may take time, but eventually Zionism won’t live forever in a sea where hundreds of millions live.

Khalid Amayreh is a Palestinian journalist and political commentator , we lost him on account of natural reasons on 12th of July last year in the Occupied Palestine

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